What You Must Know About Argumentative Research Essay Samples

What You Must Know About Argumentative Research Essay Samples Each paragraph needs to be restricted to the discussion of one general idea. You might also want to incorporate a quick discussion of more research that ought to be completed in light of your work. The next portion of your intro is devoted to offering some in depth background information on your topic. The objective is to take a particular position on the subject. If you would like to learn what an argumentative essay is, the very first thing you need to remember is that its primary purpose is to convince the audience to accept your viewpoint. The procedure for getting good argumentative research essay topics is hard. You will then have to approach this issue by gathering, generating, and evaluating credible sources to back up your evidence. Deciding upon an argumentative topic isn't that easy. The Downside Risk of Argumentative Research Essay Samples Before concluding the essay, it is important to summarise with a strong emphasis on the subject. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. When you're writing an abortion argumentative essay, you're totally free to support any side that you desire. Once every so often, your professor might offer you the liberty of writing an argumentative essay for college on the subject of your pick. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. It is one of the many academic essay types. It requires you to decide on a topic and take a position on it. Every argumentative essay ought to depend on a topic that may be debated. It is very important to note an argumentative essay and an expository essay could be similar, but they vary greatly when it comes to the quantity of pre-writing and research involved. You may have a look at the extra info on the best way to compose an eye-catching essay introduction with a hook. Whether you cannot decide on topics for argumentative essay, don't find out how to begin, or simply require a good example of a well-structured paper in a particular format, we're always prepared to help! In general, the procedure for argumentative essay writing is quite much like that of writing different essays, but there are a number of specifics to think about. Dissertation writing has become the most challenging task which makes students spend sleepless nights attempting to create a superb paper. Creating an outline is a significant portion of writing. Students have a difficult time in writing if they don't have a draft or outline to follow. Drafting and planning together with researching should be done in order to have a simple writing. In such times it is suggested to find expert help from best academic writing on the web to supply students with the guidance and mentoring for them to satisfy their academic paper requirements and deliver their assignments in time. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. It's not quite as easy as writing an essay about your summer vacation, your loved ones, or the previous party you've been to, as you don't need to do research to learn about your personal experience. My essay is separated into three standard components, the introduction, the human body and the conclusion. Whether it's an argumentative or expository essay which you are writing, it is crucial to develop a clear thesis statement and a very clear sound reasoning. An excellent thesis statement will accomplish exactly the same thing. It will prom ote your position and should be the final sentence of the introductory paragraph. Moreover, it's crucial for a student to know various sides of an argument. Usually students place topic sentence at the start of the paragraph. The Unusual Secret of Argumentative Research Essay Samples Choose something you're passionate about. For the time being, just give them a notion of you will speak about later. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some important components which make it better in the practice of convincing.

Analysis Of The Poem The Spoon River - 1104 Words

Small town life is in many places. You may not see it, but its everywhere. Newport, Vermont is an example of small town life. Newport has one small hospital, one church, no mall, many small shops, and one small movie theater. The small town life written in on the epitaphs in Edger Lee Masters Spoon River Anthology accurately reflects small town life in Newport, Vermont. Edgar Lee Masters was a poet and a novelist. He was born on August 23,1868 in Garnett, Kansas. His parents are Hardin Wallace Masters and Emma J. Dexter. Masters grew up on his grandmother?s farm in Illinois. After growing up on his grandmother?s farm, he became a lawyer in Chicago. He died March 5,1950 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Spoon River Anthology is made up of 244 epitaph poems. The epitaphs are fictional people from a fictional town. The poems are written in free-verse. Free-verse is when a poet uses no pattern to the poem. When Masters started the Spoon River Anthology, he ?began to contribute his Spoon River epitaphs to Reedy?s Mirror in the spring of 1914.? (Flanagan, John 21) Before this Masters never received recognition for his work. In 1915 the Spoon River Anthology was published . It ?captured him into fame and began a critical discussion of his poetry witch raged unabated for several decades.? (Flanagan 21) After this Edger Lee Masters became almost immediately a towering figure in the New American poetry. People were writing articles in various periodicals entitled Masters andShow MoreRelatedSpoon River Analogy Essay1751 Words   |  8 PagesSpoon River Analysis Zilpha Marsh Of all the characters in Spoon River, only one has the key ingredient that makes the book complete; that person is Zilpha Marsh. Even though Zilpha is mentioned only once within the book, she represents a controversial issue debated everywhere and can be related to people in real life. 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Ethical Issues in Mental Health of the Nurses- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthical Issues in Mental Health of the Nurses. Answer: Introduction: Occupational stress is slowly becoming the biggest risk factors in any workplace environment as it comes with a wide range of harmful health issues. Many nurses in Australia are showing signs of severe depression and anxiety as they suffer from dreadful occupational stress while withstanding tremendous physical exhaustion (Rickard et al., 2012). The report deals with a case study of an Australian nurse who is suffering from tremendous depression and gives an idea to the coworkers that how to deal with the situation. This report gives an insight relating this grave issue with the relevant sections of Australian Registered Nurse Standard for Practice. The purpose of this report is to discuss the proximity of the rules of Australian Registered Nurse Standard for Practice with respect to the ethical issues like occupational stress. Discussion: A study published in the Medical journal of Australia revealed that the rate of depression and suicide in higher in the medical professionals compared to the people with other professions (Milner, Spittal Bismark, 2017). The study revealed that the occupational gender norms are causing the male nurses to dive deep to depression and attempt suicide as the gender norm makes the practitioners reinforce some traditional feminine behaviors. The stigma around the profession creates anxiety amongst the male nurses, which sometimes drive the male nurses to attempt suicide. On the other hand, the female practitioners suffer from severe anxiety and depression over family-work conflict, their inability to give their family the required time, late working hours, and job demands. They always feel anxiety over their performance at their workplace (Orly, Rivka, Rivka, Dorit, 2012). Moreover, the nurses need to provide the patients a caring environment. Sometimes, they grow to be emotionally attached to some dying patients, whose death leads them to be traumatized for sometimes. This also leads them to have depression (Khamisa, Peltzer, Oldenburg, 2013). According to a study (2015) conducted by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, almost 89% of the nurses are female. The same data reveals that their average age is 44.4 years (Aihw.gov.au, 2017). At this age, every nurse becomes quite experienced and suffers from depression due to age, physical stress, mental stress, work overload, time pressure, and excess responsibility. The Australian nurse from the above-mentioned case study is suffering from severe depression and she even mentioned that she is having suicidal thoughts. Albeit, the Australian health care system enables the medical practitioners to have a Mental Sickness Day, the nurses are suffering from depression due to stress (Lemont, 2016). The medical practitioners like the doctors, nurses, and midwives are considered to be in a crucial and vital position as they provide care for the patients. However, they are also human beings who need to care for themselves. The unsettling workplace demands and constant stress leads them to develop both physical and mental illnesses. These issues can harm their ability to practice professionally. A study shows that almost 65% of Australian nurses and midwives have more or less one chronic disease, such as asthma, higher blood pressure rate and depression (Perry et al., 2016). The same study suggests that the nurses and the midwives have a larger exposure to high physical and emotional demands. If a nurse is suffering from a mental health issue, there is a bigger risk that that particular nurse in not compatible to give the patient the proper care. Their mental health compromises with their ability, and productivity. A nurse only can become an asset to the hospital when she (or he) is at the peak of her (or his) physical and mental ability. Only a healthy person can cope with the seemingly normal anxieties, which comes with this noble job. Having an illness has nothing to do with being at the peak; it means that the particular nurse is doing a good job in managing her (or his) job and caring for her own mental or physical health issues. A 2013 study by the National Mental Health Commission reported that more or less half of the Australian citizen aged 18-65 suffers from mental illnesses. If left untreated, the nurse with a diagnosed mental illness would have a disrupted ability to perform the ultimate crucial task that is, providing care for the needful patients (Mentalhealthcommission.gov.au, 2017). Immediate action: If a nurse has a severe mental illness like depression and anxiety disorder or is suicidal, the colleagues should help her battling the illness by taking care of the individual. The care should include taking the individual to a psychiatrist, helping the person to ease the workload. Many of the nurses can suffer from severe depression and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) because of the severe stress and events they undergo. The co-workers have to understand that reacting to particular trauma with anger, fear or emotional outburst is normal. Nevertheless, everyone has to be alert about one particular fact that, if the emotional reactions sustain for more than four weeks, the nurse may have to undergo treatment. If a colleague of the nurse spots the signs and symptoms of any mental illness like depression, anxiety or PTSD, he or she should express concern over the condition. Doing this would provide the person a warm and supporting work environment. Having a frie ndly work environment would somehow ease up that person (Opie, 2013). What do you must do following this?: The colleagues of the mentioned nurse must take her (or him) to attain all the counseling session of the psychiatrist. The colleagues also should follow up about many small facts like, if their coworker has taken the prescribed medicines or not and if she (or he) has followed all the remedies prescribed by the therapist. The colleagues may suggest the person undergo the process of self-helping. This includes the practice of managing the thought-process, overall behavior and feelings. The self-help strategies include getting enough sleep, having a diet full of necessary nutrients, having a productive physical activity, keeping the stress level at bay and practicing mindfulness. As the nurses get minor time to relax, she (or he) can practice some relaxing techniques while having a bath. Many groups provide support to the nurses and midwives having any mental illness. The co-workers can help the particular nurse by taking her (or him) to any of the g roup (Quenot et al., 2012). The co-workers should understand one important fact, which is, the person with mental illness needs concern. Not being judgmental to the person would help her (or him) to recover even faster. The beautiful country of Australia features a diverse community with many populations with different heritages. The registered nurses of Australia follow the general rule of Registered Nurse Standard for Practice, which respects the culture of every people along with the general culture of health and prosperity. The noble profession of nursing goes beyond the general rule of clinical practice as the nurses can provide service to any ailing person being paid or unpaid. Which sections of theAustralian Registered Nurse Standards for Practiceapply here and why?: The registered nursing (RN) standard 2 and 3 can be applied here in this above-mentioned case. The standard two deals with the professional and therapeutic relationship between the nurses and the patient. In the above-mentioned case, the nurse mentioned here is now a mental patient and co-workers would have to play the role of her (or his) caregiver. To give care to that person, every other co-worker nurses would have to communicate with her (or him) effectively (section 2.2). The colleagues have to support and direct the patient towards the proper direction (section 2.4). According to section 2.5, the colleagues of that nurse have to use delegation, consultation, coordination, supervision, and referral to get the nurse with depression under proper care. In this case, the co-worker nurses have to be compassionate towards their colleague (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2017). The RN standard 3 deals with the maintenance of the capability of practice. The nurse who is dealing with depression should be aware of this nursing standard. The RN standard 3 states that the nurses have to be responsible to maintain their own physical and mental health. They have to be sure about if they are capable of treating the patient or if their physical and mental state is safe for the patients. The registered nurses have to ensure if they are contributing to uplift their own professional development as well as helping their colleagues to be more professionally developed (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2017). The colleagues of the mentioned nurse have to remind the nurse about taking care of her (or his) own health (section 3.1). This way both the professional relationship and the work environment would be healthier as everyone in the clinic would be capable of giving their best. The colleagues of the nurse would have to provide their troubled coworker with the needed education and information to help her (or him) to take control of her (or his) own health (section 3.2). The cordial relationship between the co-workers should be productive, as they need to learn from each other in order to develop and update their knowledge and skills along with the time (section 3.3). The troubled nurse has to be ready to take review and feedback from the colleagues in order to do better work. This way the depression and suicidal thoughts would not cause any problem in the way to do better work (section 3.5). The person has to know and identifies the role the profession plays in influencing the desirable health outcome for the common people (section 3.7) with the help of the colleagues. Doing this would be helpful for building a strong bond between the coworkers that would further promote the person to recover from the mental illness faster and better (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2017). What are the possible legal/ethical implications?: The statement one from the code of ethics for nurses says that the nurses have to provide the quality nursing for everyone. To provide quality nursing, they have to be careful about themselves regarding the fact that, they are responsible for somebodys well-being. The nurse who is battling depression should get help from the psychiatrist as she (or he) has to be more open minded accepting the moral and legal responsibilities of the patient to provide more competent and accurate care (Baldwin, Barker, 2013; Hegney 2014). The colleagues of the mentioned nurse would also have to be more alert to see if the nurse is being able to provide care for the patient. However, the code 1 states the colleague to report any incompatibility, unsafe or unethical practice to report directly to the authority, the nurse with depression might not be able to differentiate between good practice or bad practice. The colleagues have to show more humanity in this matter and help the depressed colleague to recognize the problem. The harmony in workplace is much needed, where everyone is helping each other (Winland-Brown, Lachman, Swanson, 2015; Quenot et al. 2012) The value statement 2 says that the nurses always give value to self and the others. Having self-respect is necessary for everyone as well as respecting the others. The colleagues would respect the knowledge and competency the nurse suffering depression has (Lamont, 2016). All of the coworkers should show care and kindness towards each other and should help each other. If needed, the coworkers have to provide support to each other by collaborating. All the colleagues have to respect their mutual goal of providing proper care to the ailing (Waubrafoundation.org.au, 2017). Conclusion: The Health Workforce Australia published a report in 2012, which states that, by the year 2025, there will be a huge shortage of nurses. The Australian government is making an effort to increase recruitment in the nursing sector and retaining the experienced nurses. The current shortage of nurses in Australia is causing the nurses to face a huge workforce. The work ethics of nurses makes them be compassionate to the patients, but this may be the cause of the growing cases of compassion fatigue amongst the nurses. The compassion fatigue is common amongst the nurses who remain exposed to physical and emotional suffering for a long time. Long exposure to the compassion fatigue along with the occupational stress causes depression amongst the nurses. The severity of this problem is extreme, as some of the nurses even become suicidal. The co-workers would have to be more helpful, compassionate and kind towards them to help them battle the depression. The nurses would also have to take professional help to fight it and make a way for a better and healthy life. References: Baldwin, S., Barker, P. J. (2013).Ethical issues in mental health. Springer. Hegney, D. G., Craigie, M., Hemsworth, D., Osseiran?Moisson, R., Aoun, S., Francis, K., Drury, V. (2014). Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, depression and stress in registered nurses in Australia: study 1 results.Journal of Nursing Management,22(4), 506-518. Khamisa, N., Peltzer, K., Oldenburg, B. (2013). Burnout in relation to specific contributing factors and health outcomes among nurses: a systematic review.International journal of environmental research and public health,10(6), 2214-2240. Lamont, S. (2016).Mental health day sickness absence amongst nurses and midwives: workplace, workforce, psychosocial and health characteristics. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jan.13212/pdf Mentalhealthcommission.gov.au. (2017).Our National Report Cards | National Mental Health Commission.Mentalhealthcommission.gov.au. Retrieved 30 August 2017, from https://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au/our-reports/our-national-report-cards.aspx Milner, A., Spittal, M., Bismark, M. (2017). Suicide by health professionals: a retrospective mortality study in Australia, 2001-2012.The Medical Journal Of Australia,206(11), 506. https://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja16.01372 Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. (2017).Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Registered nurse standards for practice.Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 30 August 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards/registered-nurse-standards-for-practice.aspx Opie, T. (2013). Nursing in the bush: occupational stress in very remote Australia. Orly, S., Rivka, B., Rivka, E., Dorit, S. E. (2012). Are cognitivebehavioral interventions effective in reducing occupational stress among nurses?.Applied Nursing Research,25(3), 152-157. Perry,L., Gallagher, R., Duffield, C., Sibbritt, D., Bichel-Findlay, J., Nicholls, R. (2016). Does nurses health affect their intention to remain in their current position? Journal of Nursing Management, 24(8), 1088-1097. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12412 Quenot, J. P., Rigaud, J. P., Prin, S., Barbar, S., Pavon, A., Hamet, M., ... Moutel, G. (2012). Suffering among carers working in critical care can be reduced by an intensive communication strategy on end-of-life practices.Intensive care medicine,38(1), 55-61. Rickard, G., Lenthall, S., Dollard, M., Opie, T., Knight, S., Dunn, S., ... Brewster-Webb, D. (2012). Organisational intervention to reduce occupational stress and turnover in hospital nurses in the Northern Territory, Australia.Collegian,19(4), 211-221. Submissions.education.gov.au. (2017). Retrieved 31 August 2017, from https://submissions.education.gov.au/forms/archive/2015_16_sol/documents/Attachments/Australian%20Nursing%20and%20Midwifery%20Accreditation%20Council%20(ANMAC).pdf Waubrafoundation.org.au. (2017).Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Retrieved from https://waubrafoundation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/New-Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses-August-2008.pdf Who are nurses and midwives? (AIHW). (2017).Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 29 August 2017, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/workforce/nursing-and-midwifery/who-are-they/ Winland-Brown, J., Lachman, V. D., Swanson, E. O. C. (2015). The new code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. 2015: Practical clinical application, Part I.Medsurg Nursing,24(4), 268-71.

The Ethics Of World Domination Essay Example For Students

The Ethics Of World Domination Essay The Ethicsof World DominationThroughout the past 70 years the U.S. hasbeen involved in hundreds of conflicts all around the globe. Everytime the United States troops are deployed to a foreign country, citizensof the U.S. want to know why. People begin to ask questions like, whatis the purpose of this? or what is the nature of our involvement? Nobodywants to see the strong youth of our nation shipped of to a foreign countryto get slaughtered without good cause. Millions of American men andwomen have devoted their lives to the service and protection of the freedomsthat we as citizens of the United States hold dear. These peopledeserve the utmost respect from all citizens of the United States. We will write a custom essay on The Ethics Of World Domination specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When the government of our country see fit, our troops are sent to fightoften in places that they have never even heard of. When they returnthey are heroes to be revered, or are they? All to often things gowrong in these foreign countries and the soldiers often end up taking thebrunt of the nations frustration. When the government makes mistakesand things do go wrong it causes the citizen of the U.S. to closer analyzethe situation. The citizens of the United States want some answersand the government often fails in its attempts to satisfy the publicsneed to know. Ever since the beginning of the U.S. the governmenthave come up with one reason or another to start or get involved in conflictsthat should have otherwise been left alone. One of the first andmost prominent examples of this is the almost total enialation of the NativeAmerican population in this country. Is the destruction of a cultureand a society as vast as that of the Native Americans really morally andethically permissabl e? The United States government thought thatit was. According to them it was Gods own destiny for them to conquerthe entire continent to bring it under the U.S. control. This justshows that difference in ethical value strongly affects what a countrywill accept as good cause for fighting. More recent conflicts likethe Korean War, the Vietnam War, the invasion of Grenada, and the Gulfwar have made people analyze the ethicality behind the fighting. They look for the true reason behind the involvement of the U.S., in anattempt to find justification for the use of U.S. troops in foreign affairs. This paper is an attempt to look at the ethicality of some of the majorconflict that the U.S. has been involved since the end of WW II. It will also attempt to analyze what has come to be known as the WorldPolice mentality and the actions that the United States has taken to displaythis. During the period of 1946-1950 a forty-yearperiod began called the Cold War. The Cold War was a period of aggressionin the name of democracy. During this time the United States didsome questionable activities under the guise that they were protectingagainst the spread of communism. On June 25, 1950 North Korea, using Chinesetraining and Soviet military equipment, attacked South Korea. TheUnited States believed that Stalin and the USSR were ultimately behindthe invasion. The South Korean defenses crumbled and the United Statessent ground troops on June 30. The United Nations endorsed the deploymentof troops because the USSR was boycotting the United Nations. Itwould seem a bit unfair that the United States would receive UN endorsementbased solely on the premises that the USSR had chosen not to be a partof the UN. This become even more apparent when you take into accountthat the United States was not even certain that the USSR was even involvedin the dispute. On September 15, 1950, after a daring amphibiousattack 150 miles behind enemy line the US was able to push the North Koreansback into North Korea. This is where the war should have stopped. The North Koreans were in North Korea and the South Koreans had controlover South Korea. Furthermore, China was threatening that if theUS tried to unite Korea by force then they would enter the war on the sideof the North Koreans. Despite both of these facts, the United Statespushed further into North Korea. Knowing that it would cost thousandsof American lives and thousands more Korean lives to unite a country thatwanted to be separated, General Mc arthur and President Truman, with UnitedNations support, pushed on. A two-year war ensued that would ultimatelycost the lives of 140,000 American service men and women. In theend the country ended up just as it was before. Nothing lost, nothing gained. The United States attack of Korea is consideredto be one of the worst failures of intelligence and strategic leadershipin the history of the United States military. In Washington, theexcitement of victory on the battlefield on September 15, 1950 obscuredthe real objective of the war, which was to protect the freedom of theSouth Korean people and reinstall a South Korean government. In ashallow attempt to win seats in congress for the democrats, Truman pushedGeneral Mc Arthur to continue the attack and try to roll back communism. .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c , .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c .postImageUrl , .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c , .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c:hover , .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c:visited , .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c:active { border:0!important; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c:active , .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6a8d001c53539d1986d2b0289b6266c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Atomic Bomb EssayA willing Mc Arthur was glad to oblige as he let his wish for militarysuccess and a heroic reputation get in the way of his competent operationof the United States military troops in Korea. The Korean War wasa very political war with both the president and chief general directingthe US forces looking for large victories to help bolster their careers. Truman was looking for democratic votes and Mc Arthur was looking for glory,but unfortunately there was no one looking out for the US troops or thedesires of the South Korean people. The Korean War was a good example of ethicalegoism. It was a war in which all the involved parties were lookingout for their themselves and ignoring the effects that they had on everyoneelse involved. The utility on a more global scale was not consideredbecause politicians were blinded by the attractiveness of glory and anopportunity to push their own political agendas. At 2am on February 7, the Viet Cong attackedthe United States base at Pleiku, two hundred and forty miles north ofSaigon, killing 8 Americans and Injuring 100 as well as destroying tenUS aircraft. A reltaliatory strike was immediately recommended andoperation Flaming Dart went into action. Flaming Dart was an airstrike were bombers took off from United States aircraft carriers in thearea and bombed supposed strategic military sights in North Vietnam. The supposed strategic military sights included a number of intentionalbombings of civilian installments. A month later operation RollingThunder began which was a full-scale offensive air attack. By doingthis the United States crossed the line from being a supporter of the SouthVietnamese to becoming the main leader of the entire offensive in SouthVietnam. Shortly after, the American people began to become dividedover the war and antiwar protests fostered violence all over the country. The government that was supposed to be of the people and for the peoplewas ignoring the concerns of the people and often responding to there protestswith extreme violence. Protests continued and became ever more intense. The selective service system that was intended to strengthen the military,was often a focal point for the protests. In 1967 Martin Luther KingJr called the war a moral disaster pointing to the fact that black peoplemade up only eleven percent of the population of the US but they made up23 percents of the people killed in the war. He also pointed outthat the war costs weighed more on the poor and the working class becausedeferments were granted to students in college and the poor and the workingclass could not afford to attend college. Because of presidentialpromises in early 1970, citizens of the US were under the impression thatthe war was coming to a close and that the US involvement was declining. On April 30, 1970, in a breach of the American peoples trust the US militaryforces invaded Cambodia. When this hit the news in the US the peoplewere furious and students closed down colleges across the country. These strikes in Cambodia weakened the Cambodian government and openedit up to a working class revolution that cost the lives of over a millionCambodians. The gulf of Tonkin resolution was repealed and the USmilitary troops were limited in their actions to only South Vietnam. The official cease-fire began on January 27, 1973 and the United Statespromised not to increase its aid to South Vietnam. Nixon suspendedthe draft in favor of an all-volunteer military. This is another example of egoism displayedby the United States. When the US decided to invade Cambodia, theydid not take into account what might happen to the inhabitants of the area. They were thinking solely of what benefit it might have for the UnitedStates of America and not what the actual utility of the action might beon a global scale. They had not considered that millions of peoplemight die as a result and the unfortunate reality of the situation is thatover a million people did die as a result. In the early morning hours of October25, 1983 the United States invaded the small Carribean Island of Grenadawith 1200 troops. They met heavy resistance from Cuban and Grenadaninstallments. The US force was enlarged to 7000 and within days theisland fell under US control. Shortly after, the US installed a governmentthat was not communist and Pro-US. Just weeks earlier the GrenadanArmy under the leadership of the deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard seizedcontrol of Grenada in a bloody coup. Coard was a hard line Marxistand this raised concern among the population of the US because of its proximityto the US coast. Also there were some 1000 students at a medicalschool in Grenada. Under the guise of a rescue for the students,the government went in and seized total control of the island in an attemptto stomp out communism in the Carribean and confront what Reagan consideredto be a threat from the Soviet Union. The attack was apposed by the Organizationof American States of which the US was a part. The action was alsodeeply deplored by the United Nations based on its 1970 injunction thatstated that no state or group of states has the right to intervene indirectlyor directly for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairsof another state. The United Nations Security Council voted 11-1against the attack with the only positive vote coming from the United States. .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 , .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 .postImageUrl , .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 , .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9:hover , .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9:visited , .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9:active { border:0!important; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9:active , .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9 .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2a29663841847fde7ea3fa542a72efc9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: China intentions EssayGrenada was seen by many as a make-up war to appease the US citizens thatwere outraged by a truck bomb attack that killed 241 US marines in Beirut,Lebanon. The United States chose to ignore the recommendations ofthe organizations that it belonged to, in order to relieve its aggressionon a country that was for all intents and purposes, innocent of any crimeagainst the United States. The underlying political agenda of extractingrevenge from Grenada clouded the presidents judgement in the invasion. The end of the cold war marked the endof this nations fear of communism. There was no more need for theUnited States to intervene in the affairs of other countries on behalfof democracy. On August 2nd 1992 Iraq invaded Kuwaitand seized the entire country. Immediately the president of the UnitedStates George Bush ordered an unconditional withdrawal. Whydid President George Bush feel that he had the authority or the right tomake such demands? It was not because Iraq had become a threat tothe security of the United States, or because he feared that Iraq wouldgrow to a point where Saddam Hussiens regime was to powerful for the UnitedStates or the world to handle. No it wasnt that at all. Thereason behind the US involvement is that president bush thought that hemight have to pay a few cents extra for gas to fuel his Cadillacs. Because the seizure of Kuwait put Iraq in control of 20% of the oil productionand reserves for the world, President Bush feared that it might have economicreprocutions for the United States. Operation Desert Storm was putinto action and tens of thousands of US troops were moved into Saudi Arabiaalong with hundreds of aircraft. George Bush took this as a goldenopportunity to assert the world influence of the United States. Hewas able to gain allies quickly and get most of the developed nations ofthe world to boycott Iraqi oil. After a quick but fierce bombingattack the war was over within 100 hours. That wasnt the last wewere to see of Saddam Hussien though. The US still has troops inthe Persian Gulf area. It is amazing to think that countries willbond together against an enemy and go to war and give their lives and thelives of their nations youth of money. Is it worth the lives of thousandsof people just to keep oil costs down? It doesnt seem to be to me. Does the world need a world police?John Locke says yes. According to Locke in the state of nature itis natural for groups of people to come together in their own self-interest,to form a society. In these societies the surrender some of the personalrights that they had in the state of nature and delegate them to a singlegovernment. If these people were in the state of nature the mightmake social compacts with others. They would feel no obligation touphold them if they no longer were of any benefit to them because therewould be no consequences for breaking these social compacts. Withoutpunitive consequences these people will only honor contracts when it isconvenient for them. Locke also says that social groups will actthe same way in their interactions with other social groups. Theonly way to get these groups to honor social compacts is to create laws,consequences, and a body with the means and authority to enforce them. The same goes for countries on a much larger scale, because for all intentsand purposes a country is just a large social group. These countrieswould act as individuals in the state of nature because there is no worldpolice or authority to keep countries in line. Locke says that toget countries to work together and follow laws and honor compacts, thereneeds to be a single power or law-enforcing agency that acted as a worldwideadministrator of discipline and law, a world police. The problem arises when one country ororganization tries to assert power or force on a country when they donthave the right to. Locke says that in the state of nature no personor group of people is bound to any social compact that they did not enterin to knowingly and voluntarily. This means, according to Locke,that if there were to be an almighty world police then every country inthe world would have to agree to wave their personal rights in the stateof nature and delegate the authority to enforce laws and consequences toone individual or organization. It would be virtually impossibleto get every country in the world to enter into such a social compact. Despite that the world still needs to have some sort of order among countriesor some of Lockes inconveniences will begin to arise.

Noëls Vocabulary, Traditions and Decorations

Noà «ls Vocabulary, Traditions and Decorations Whether you are religious or not, Christmas, Noà «l (pronounced â€Å"no el†) is an important holiday in France. Since the French don’t celebrate Thanksgiving, Noà «l is really the traditional family gathering. Now, many things have been said about Christmas in France, and its particular traditions such as the thirteen desserts, but many of these traditions are regional, and unfortunately tend to disappear with time.   Right now, across France, here are seven traditions you could be expecting: 1. Le Sapin de Noà «l - The Christmas Tree For Christmas, traditions asks that you go get a Christmas Tree â€Å"un sapin de Noà «l†, decorate it and set it in your house. Some people would plant theirs back in their yard. Most will just get a cut tree and throw it away when it is dry. Nowadays, many people prefer to have a synthetic tree you can fold and reuse every year. â€Å"Les dà ©corations (f), les ornements (m)† are more or less precious but it is mostly in the US that I’ve heard the traditions of passing on ornements through generations. It is not a very common thing in France. Its not really clear when to set up the sapin de Noà «l. Some set it on Saint Nicks day (December 6th) and remove it on the 3 King Day (lEpiphanie, January 6th). Le sapin de Noà «l - Christmas treeLes aiguilles de pin - pine needlesUne branche - a brancheUne dà ©coration - a decorationUn ornement - an ornamentUne boule - a ball / an ornamentUne guirlande - a garlandUne guirlande à ©lectrique - an electrical garlandL’à ©toile - the star 2. La Couronne de Noà «l - Christmas Wreath Another Christmas Tradition is to use wreaths on your doors, or sometimes as a table centrepiece. This wreath may be done of twigs, or of a fir branch, may have glitter, feature fir cones and if placed on a table, often surrounds a candle. Un centre de table - a centrepieceUne couronne - a wreathUne brindille - a twigUne branche de sapin - a fir branchUne pomme de pin - a fir coneUne bougie - a candleUne paillette - a glitterDe la neige artificielle - artificial snow 3. Le Calendrier de l’Avent - Advent Calendar This is a special calendar for kids, to help them count the days before Christmas. Behind each number is a door, which reveals a drawing, or a nook with a treat or a little toy. This calendar is usually hung in a communal room as to remind everybody of the countdown before Christmas (and keep an eye on the â€Å"door† openings so that the kids won’t just eat all the chocolate before Christmas...) Un calendrier - a calendarL’Avent - AdventUne porte - a doorUne cachette - a hiding spotUne surprise - a surpriseUn bonbon - a candyUn chocolat - a chocolate 4. La Crà ¨che de Noà «l - The Christmas Manger Nativity Another important Christmas tradition in France is the nativity: a little house with Mary and Joseph, an ox and a donkey, the star and an angel, and eventually baby Jesus. The nativity set can be larger, with the 3 kings, many shepherds and sheep and other animals and village people. Some are very old and in the South of France, the little figurines are called â€Å"santons† and can be worth quite a lot of money. Some family make a paper crà ¨che as a project for Christmas, others have a tiny little one somewhere in their house, and some churches would have a live nativity scene during the Christmas mass. Traditionally, baby Jesus is added on December 25th in the morning, often by the youngest child of the household. La crà ¨che - the manger/ nativityLe petit Jà ©sus - baby JesusMarie - MaryJoseph - JosephUn ange - an angelUn boeuf - an oxUn à ¢ne - a donkeyUne mangeoire - a mangerLes rois mages - the 3 kings, the 3 wise menL’à ©toile du berger - the star of BethlehemUn mouton - a sheepUn berger - a shepherdUn santon - manger figurines made in the South of France 5. About Santa, Shoes, Stockings, Cookies and Milk In the old days, children would place their shoes next to the fireplace and hope to get a little present from Santa, such as an orange, a wooden toy, a little doll. Stockings are used instead in the Anglo-saxon countries.   In France, most new houses do not have a fireplace, and the tradition of placing your shoes by it has totally disappeared. Although he does bring the presents on his sleigh, in France what Santa does is not that clear: some think he comes down the chimney himself, some believe he sends a helper or just magically places the gifts on the shoes (if he is an old-fashioned Santa) or under the Christmas tree. In any case, there is no clear tradition of leaving cookies and milk for him†¦ Maybe a bottle of Bordeaux and a toast of foie gras? Just kidding†¦ Le Pà ¨re Noà «l - Santa (or Saint Nicolas in the North-East of France)Le traineau - the sleighLes rennes - reindeersLes elfes - elvesLe Pà ´le Nord - North Pole 6. Christmas Cards and Greetings It’s customary in France to send out Christmas/ Happy New Year cards to your friends and family, although this tradition is disappearing over time. If its better to send them before Christmas, you have until January 31st to do it. Popular Christmas greetings are: Joyeux Noà «l - Merry ChristmasJoyeuses fà ªtes de Noà «l - Merry ChristmasJoyeuses fà ªtes - Happy Holidays (more Politically Correct since not Religious) 7. Les Marchà ©s de Noà «l - Christmas Markets in France Christmas Markets are little villages made up of wooden stalls (called chà ¢lets) which pop up in the center of towns in December. They typically sell decorations, local products and vin chaud (mulled wine), cakes, biscuits and gingerbreads as well as many handcrafted items. Originally common in the North-East of France, they are now popular throughout France - there is a huge one on les Champs Elysà ©es in Paris.

Games and Gambles

Games and Gambles Games and Gambles Games and Gambles By Mark Nichol This post lists and defines words stemming from game and gamble, both of which derive from the Old English word gamen, meaning â€Å"amusement,† â€Å"fun,† and â€Å"joy.† A game is an activity for amusement or diversion, or a scheme or a tactic, and to make game of someone is to mock that person. In the first sense, the word may refer to an activity that has little or no equipment, such as tag, or to a game of chance or skill or a combination thereof- anything from a board game (one with a playing board with a design that facilitates playing the game, such as Monopoly) or a video game (also designed to regiment the procedure of playing the game) to an athletic or intellectual contest. (The second element of backgammon, the name for a particular board game, derives from gamen.) Game also refers to various aspects of competition, such as a manner or aspect of playing (as in referring in American football to a â€Å"passing game,† which denotes a playing strategy focused on passing the ball rather than running with it). In plural form, it pertains to an organized set of competitions, as in â€Å"the Olympic Games.† Game also applies, by extension, to an activity on the analogy of amusement or competition, or as a pursuit that, like most games, has more or less established rules, such as in â€Å"the game of love.† (Game also serves as a synonym for specialty, as in â€Å"Office politics is not my game,† with the connotation that one has no interest in or talent for the referenced activity.) Endgame refers to the latter stages of a chess game or, by extension, to the final stage of an action or process, generally with the connotation of a strategic goal. As an adjective, game means â€Å"motivated or prepared to participate† or â€Å"spirited† (gamely is an adverb that applies to engaging in an endeavor with one sensibility or the other), and gamelike pertains to something resembling or suggesting a game. â€Å"Ball game† refers to a sport in which a ball is used, though, by extension, it pertains to any contest or any situation in general, as in the phrase â€Å"a whole new ball game.† (A game ball, meanwhile, is a ball used in a game and awarded to someone as a prize for their contribution to victory in the competition.) Game play refers to an established procedure for playing a particular game. A game face is an expression of concentration and determination shown by a competitor, a game plan is a strategy (the verb form is game-plan), and a game show is a broadcast program in which contestants compete in a quiz or some other activity or series of activities. A game changer (or game-changer) is an element or factor that alters the status quo. A gamer is a person who plays games, though the term almost invariably refers to someone who plays computer or video games. Game is also the basis of a number of idiomatic phrases, which will be discussed in a future post. From the notion of hunting and fishing as an endeavor carried out for amusement rather than or in addition to sustenance, wild animals hunted for both purposes, and the flesh of such animals, are called game. Terms that include game and pertain to hunting or fishing include â€Å"game animal,† â€Å"game bird† or â€Å"game fowl,† and â€Å"game fish† (any species of various types of creatures that are hunted), as well as â€Å"game bag† (a sack for carrying carcasses of birds one has hunted). A game cock is a rooster trained to engage in cockfighting, and a game hen is a small species of fowl, while a gamekeeper is a person responsible for breeding and protecting game animals on a private estate or preserve. A game cart is a small horse-drawn cart, perhaps originally intended to carry game after a hunt. The adjective gamy (or gamey) can pertain to bravery or spirit, but it more usually applies to the smell of game animals or to an unpleasant smell in general, and it can mean â€Å"corrupt,† â€Å"salacious,† or â€Å"scandalous.† To gamble is to play a game or engage in an activity in a game of chance, to bet, or to take a chance. A gamble is an act of taking a risk, or something risky, or the act of playing a game of chance; gaming also applies in the last sense. One who gambles is a gambler, and the activity of doing so is called gambling. A gambling house, also known as a gaming house, is a place where gambling, legal or otherwise, takes place. (Such a location is also sometimes referred to as a gambling den or, from the notion of the addictive allure of gambling, a gambling hell.) A gaming room, meanwhile, is a room used for such purposes, and a gaming table is a piece of furniture, often customized to accommodate game equipment and game play, at which gamblers stand or sit to engage in gambling; a gambling device is a mechanism, such as slot machine, that facilitates gambling. Gambit (â€Å"tactical move† or â€Å"topic†) and gambol (â€Å"frolic†) are unrelated, as is the sense of game meaning â€Å"lame,† as in the phrase â€Å"a game leg.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?15 Great Word Games20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Essay

The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity - Essay Example There was little history of the eugenics that was known to the people, thus Harry Bruinius extracted the history and wrote about it in his book with the emphasis on the forced sterilization that was approved and lead to thousands of Americans to be deprived of producing. Whether the policy was justified or not, yet Bruinius discusses the impact and the reasons behind sterilization. He talks about the cases that were brought to court and the decisions that were taken for the sterilization, in order to quest for America’s racial purity. He talks about two women in the history who were poor and who had to face the consequences of sterilization. Harry Bruinius’ book was an analysis of how the people at that time accepted this contribution of science as the national policy where it was a quest for America’s moral and social purity. He laid arguments about how the lives of women have been changed just because they were poor or unfit. His book is a descriptive writing a bout the woman who is associated with this policy and was used by the state medical authorities as a test case to bring to the court their program. Analysts have discussed that at times the way Harry Bruinius has written the detailed case is prolonged and gets into deep details like the events that leads up to her sterilization, the mental level of the victim, the recreation of the event, and also involves the technique that has been applied by the scientists to create the theories that lead to the eugenics movement. As written by Bruinius, â€Å"this book is an account of scientists who shared this dream in the past, and the ‘worthless’ class they sought to sterilize†. Despite the detailed descriptions in the book and the moralizing of the connections or relations of American eugenics with the Nazi Germany, the author has managed to keep his point of view in front of the readers in a very critical manner. His arguments are justified and clearly connect the eugen ics to the people, the state and to the rest of the world. The author is successful as his writing is influential and effective for the readers, and greatly helps to bring out the policies and events that took place at the time of the eugenic movement. His real purpose of the book stands out to reach to the readers and reveal to them the history that he believed was a secret, though it was not. However, the history and the events that took place were little known and Harry Bruinius has tried through his writing to give the information to a wide range of readers. He says, â€Å"After a century in which humankind has probed the mysteries of heredity and discovered some of the secrets of the human genome, the specter of better breeding and eugenics still attracts a host of people who long to remake their imperfect selves and breed a better type of human being†. The eugenics movement was founded by the core ideas of Charles Darwin. It started when socialists started realizing tha t the life of many humans is defected and many hold problems that come from their genes. Sociologists found that the improvement of human race can take place with the scientific control on breeding. The first eugenics movement in America was found by many of the new-world wee known biologists in the country. Supporting this group were a number of names that continued to get involved in the movement to improve the

How Can We Find Happiness from Sports Research Paper

How Can We Find Happiness from Sports - Research Paper Example Tackling the initial half first; sports can be defined as the competitive or cooperative activities, which are usually physical in nature and performed between either individuals or a team (Delaney & Madigan, 2009, 23). There are various kinds of sports, but two main categories are indoor and outdoor sports. Soccer, tennis and Cricket are a few of the most popular outdoor sports worldwide. Diehard fans that play such sports themselves physically or follow it by watching it on media are very passionate about these games and it is amongst the favourite hobbies of many people. If their teams or preferred players are victorious in their fixtures they are overwhelmed with happiness, however the opposite happens if their selection is defeated. This is so because many people derive happiness from sports by deviating their minds from other worries and stress related activities. When they do so they look for an escape where they can feel positive and gain hope and inspiration from? Victory in sports for their team gets them this happiness they look for. This is further evidenced by various scholars, who regard sports to have a direct linkage with our moods, and its ability to either make us happy or upset according to its outcome (Forsyth, 2010, 80). Here the favourable outcome is related to victory, and thus being victorious in the sport is the main aim for all the ones participating or watching it. Sports also becomes a reason for happiness when they bring about a positive improvement in one’s health, as being healthy is directly related with having a good mood according to various researches (Kahneman, 2003, 364). In order to stay abreast with the high level of competition in today’s fast- paced world, many people have the excuse that their busy schedules are the reason they cannot devote any time to exercise (Weinberg & Gould, 1995, 420). However, by being active in sports which are physical in nature even for a short session every alternate day can be the most effective way in keeping such people fit and away from a sedentary lifestyle. Another benefit of sport is that it keeps people away from unproductive activities which they might otherwise have indulged in, if they were not playing or following sports. Sports which are physical take up a lot of energy of the person and once done, people prioritise the rest of their chores and responsibilities for the day and only carry out the ones really worth doing. Consequently they skip those events which were unproductive from the start. This way they do not feel guilty by doing anything wrong and therefore feel content and satisfied with the way they spent their time. ‘Guilt’ is a very strong emotion which can really weigh us down if its cause is not identified and solved. It adds immensely to depression and can be the eventual catalyst towards many physical ailments as well. Thus being content with oneself is the process which keeps people happy and cheerful about themse lves. Sport also teaches us the importance of cooperation and through indulging in sports, men and women both learn the value of team work and collaboration (Delaney & Madigan, 2009, 22). They learn that more can be achieved through working with others and this keeps them away from being selfish or self-serving (Delaney & Madigan, 2009, 22). By working in cooperation and helping out others who are weak there is no gap left in the overall performance as all resources are utilized. Through working together, a better

English Imperialism and Representations Essay Example for Free

English Imperialism and Representations Essay In William Shakespeare’s The Tempest Prospero, an exiled Naples duke, and his daughter, Miranda, are marooned on a remote island with the lone indigenous[1] inhabitant, a beast man named Caliban. Through his sorcery Prospero is able to enslave Caliban, the indigene, who toils for the benefit of Prospero and Miranda, the usurping colonial powers. While it is unclear if Shakespeare intended The Tempest to mirror English imperialism during the late 16th and 17th century, there are many congruencies between events in the play and events around the time of the play’s first performance in 1611. To begin with, in order to analyze these congruencies a brief overview of England’s New World[2] exploration and colonization is necessary. Next, Gonzalo’s interest in the island and his â€Å"plantation† scheme illustrate the English imperial yearning for the New World. In addition, the first exchange between Caliban and Prospero encapsulate the conflicts of indigenous people and the colonizers in an imperial relationship. Finally, the question remains if Caliban represents specifically Native Americans or broadly represents subjugated indigenous people by English colonization. Shakespeare’s The Tempest metaphorically represents English imperialism and encapsulates English sentiments towards the New World during the time of its cultural production. During the life of Shakespeare, especially around the time of the first performance of The Tempest, Europe engaged in imperialistic activities throughout the New World. In addition, during Shakespeare’s lifetime, England’s imperialistic activities would play a larger role in the country’s interests and developments. In Alden T. Vaughan article â€Å"People of Wonder: England Encounters the New World’s Native,† Vaughan describes how English perceptions of the Native Americans developed over the course of the 16th century. The English, while interested in the New World, did not play an active role in its initial exploration: â€Å"English people in the Tudor era lagged noticeably behind other Europeans in learning about the Americas. For nearly a century, English interest in the New World was surprisingly tangential, more a matter of curiosity than of conquest and based primarily on foreign rather than on English observation† (Vaughan, â€Å"People,† 13). For a majority of the 16th century the English received second hand accounts (writings and illustrations) of the New World. However, the English did make limited forays into developing first hand knowledge of the New World. Vaughan states, â€Å"The first document contact between the English and the Indians occurred in about 1502, when Sebastian Cabot†¦brought back [three men taken from Newfoundland]† (â€Å"People,† 14), but he continues, â€Å"Not until 1530, apparently, were other Indians brought to England, and not until 1553 did an English publisher issue a book with appreciable attention to America’s inhabitants† (â€Å"People,† 14). While slow to capitalize on exploring and colonizing the New World, the English â€Å"[became] actively involved in the exploration and conquest of the [Americas] and its peoples. Thereafter, England’s image of American natives reflected uniquely English experiences and expectations† (Vaughan, â€Å"People,† 13). One of the significant imperialist ventures around the time Shakespeare wrote The Tempest was the Jamestown colony. The English founded Jamestown in 1607, four years prior to the first performance of The Tempest. While a contemporary critic can only speculate the extent which the New World tantalized and influenced the English during this time, it must have had some sway on the popular imagination of English society, including Shakespeare’s. In The Tempest, the character Gonzalo demonstrates an interest with the pristine island setting that represents English imperial yearnings. After being shipwrecked on the island, Gonzalo first notices the natural beauty of the island. He exclaims, â€Å"How lush and lusty the grass looks! How green! † (2. 1. 53). From his initial observation of the health of the island, Gonzalo’s interest in the island soon becomes opportunistic: â€Å"Had I plantation of this isle, my lord –† (2. 1. 140). When Gonzalo says â€Å"plantation,† he means colonization. Gonzalo initial admiration for the island transforms into a scheme to start a colony; he envisions his colony as the antithesis of industry, a utopic society of idleness. Gonzalo describes his â€Å"plantation† in the following manner: â€Å"I’ the common wealth I would by contraries Execute all things; for no kind of traffic, Would I admit; no name of magistrate, Letter should not be known; riches, poverty, And use of service, none; contract, succession, Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none; No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil; No occupations; all men idle, all, And women too, but innocent and pure; No sovereignty—† (2. 1. 144-52) In Gonzalo’s colony people just lie around with no one telling them what to do; in addition, the women all stay virgins. Gonzalo’s companions quickly point out the impossibility of his Eden-like scenario. Sebastian indicates, â€Å"Yet [Gonzalo] would be king on [the island]† (2. 1. 153) to which Antonio adds, â€Å"The latter end of his commonwealth forgets the beginning† (2. 1. 154). From the comments by Sebastian and Antonio, it is clear Gonzalo’s scheme is not practical, but certainly Gonzalo’s sentiment must have appealed idealistically to English and Europeans tired of the social turmoil in the Old World. Benjamin Bertram notes in The Time is out of Joint: Skepticism in Shakespeare’s England contemporaneous to Shakespeare’s life, London’s mercantile interests, unemployment, overpopulation, and â€Å"[i]mmigrants from the province† all made colonial ventures appealing (58). Gonzalo’s fantasizing might tap into the socioeconomic conditions contemporary to the time of cultural production of The Tempest. For some Europeans the social turmoil of the Old World was a sore spot, yearning like Gonzalo for a fresh start and for a better society in the New World. French courtier Michel De Montaigne in his essay â€Å"Of the Cannibals† (1580) argues the New World inhabitants are no more barbarous or savage than the Old World denizens, suggesting things might be better in the case of the former. De Montaigne establishes, â€Å"I find (as far as I have been informed) there is nothing in that nation [the American Indians], that is either barbarous or savage, unless men call that barbarism which is not common to them† (119). De Montaigne alludes to the social problems of 16th century Europe in pointing out the hypocrisy of the Old World labeling the New World as â€Å"barbarous† or â€Å"savage. † Moreover, De Montaigne sees the New World inhabitants as closer to a natural state and less tainted by â€Å"human wit† when he observes, â€Å"It is a nation†¦that hath no kind of traffic, no knowledge of letters, no intelligence of numbers, no name of magistrates, nor of politic superiority; no use of service, of riches, or of poverty; no contracts, no successions, but common, no apparel but natural, no manuring of lands, no use of wine, corn, or metal† (120). Curiously, both Gonzalo and De Montaigne evoke the idea of unfettered idleness and non-use of wine, corn, and metal as a more natural society. Also, in painting an idyllic picture of the social items supposedly absent from the New World, De Montaigne overlooks that corn is a New World vegetable and that American Indians were familiar with the practice of fertilization, although maybe not â€Å"mannuring. † While a lot of De Montaigne’s generalizations of the New World inhabitants are arguable, he calls the readers attention to a litany of social items as evidence of the Old World tainted by â€Å"human wit. † However, De Montaigne sarcastically concludes that what the American Indians, supposedly, do with their dead is no more barbaric than what the Europeans do with the living by torturing people, stating â€Å"there is more barbarism in eating men alive than to feed upon them being dead; to mangle by tortures and torments a body full of lively sense, to roast him in pieces, to make dogs and swine to gnaw and tear him in mammocks†¦than to roast and eat him after he is dead† (120). De Montaigne’s relativistic view of transatlantic cultural practices demonstrates culture in the Old World was not necessarily better than culture in the New World. Some Europeans might have yearned for a reprieve from the rigid trapping of the Old World; the New World to them might have represented an opportunity for a fresh start, a chance to create a utopic society. The only problem was what to do about the indigenous people already there. The English public had a growing interest in the New World during Shakespeare’s lifetime, and The Tempest almost predicts the course of English imperialism would take. The exchange between Caliban and Prospero in Act 1 Scene 2 metaphorically represents the underlying conflicts plaguing indigenous people and English colonizers. Caliban represents prototypical native Other[3] as he argues against Prospero, the colonial master. Caliban’s articulation that he is the rightful owner of the island sounds like the universal grievance of many colonized people: â€Å"This island’s mine, by Sycorax my mother, / Which thou tak’st from me† (1. 2. 335-6). Caliban’s ownership stems from his mother, a witch, who bore him on the island, and this claim is reminiscent of many indigenous people who trace their social beginnings through a creation myth fixing them to the land. As Caliban goes on, his description of the initial friendly relationship he had with Prospero, parallels the prototypical dealings between indigenous people and colonizers. Often this friendly period includes an exchange of items and information between the two parties. Caliban describes the following: When thou cam’st first, Thou strok’st me and made much of me, wouldst give me Water and berries in’t, and teach me how To name the bigger light, and how the less, That burn by day and night. And then I loved thee And showed thee all the qualities o’ th’ isle, The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile. (1. 2. 337-43) Caliban attests he â€Å"showed† Prospero â€Å"the qualities† of the island, and in essence, Caliban taught Prospero how to survive on the island. This detail interestingly parallels the situation in Jamestown. B. J. Sokol in A Brave New World of Knowledge points out that â€Å"sojourning Europeans almost entirely depended upon the services of native inhabitants for material survival, and especially for food† (83). This grace period between indigenous people and colonizers, however, does not last forever. Sokol continues, â€Å"In both [The Tempest] and Virginia these services had at first been voluntarily offered [by Native Americans], then they were purchased or extorted, and finally there was refusal, resistance, and rebellion† (83). Soon the colonizer presses for more resources, more control over the land, and more control over the indigenous people: soon the indigenous people become the colonized. Caliban describes himself from the position of the colonized, â€Å"For I am all the subjects that you have, / Which first was mine own kin; and here you sty me / In this hard rock, whiles you do keep from me /The rest o’ th’ island† (1. 2. 345-7). Caliban’s central grievance is how Prospero has stripped Caliban of his autonomy and his control over the island. The central grievance for many colonized people is how the colonizer strips self-direction and control over ancestral lands from the colonized. Richard Hakluyt in his essay â€Å"Reasons for Colonization,† written in 1584 about the Virginia colonial project (125), succinctly describes the intentions of the English imperialism: â€Å"The end of this voyage [to North America] are these: 1. ) To plant Christian religion. 2) To traffic. 3. ) To Conquer. Or, to do all three† (129). As demonstrated earlier, Caliban is unhappy with his conquered status, a status Prospero confirms when he rebuts Caliban’s grievances, â€Å"Thou most lying slave† (my emphasis, 1. 2. 347). Prospero interestingly goes on to indicate his own inherent superiority and Caliban’s inherent inferiority, a privileging central to any colonial situation. Prospero states, â€Å"I have used thee, / Filth as thou are, with humane care† (1. 2. 348-9). Prospero ascribes the quality of â€Å"filth† to Caliban and â€Å"humane†-ness to his own actions. As the Hakluyt states, the first objective of the colonizer is â€Å"to plant Christian religion† or bring morality to the heathen indigenous people. Prospero’s ultimate argument for supplanting Caliban evokes the moral order the colonizer supposedly brings, for Prospero states the reason he has enslaved Caliban is because Caliban sought â€Å"to violate/ The honor of [Prospero’s] child† (1. 2. 350-1). From the perspective of the colonizer Caliban attempted to rape Miranda; however, from the perspective of the lone indigenous person Caliban attempted to propagate his culture: â€Å"O ho! O ho! Would’t had been done! / Thou didst prevent me; I had peopled else / This isle with Calibans† (1. 2. 352-4). While this relativism does not absolve Caliban of attempting to forcefully procreate with Miranda, it does not absolve Prospero of enslaving Caliban either. Unfortunately, Prospero uses one crime to justify another crime: Caliban’s attempted rape leads to his enslavement at the hands of Prospero. Furthermore, when Miranda tries to instill Caliban with a sense of guilt over his attempted rape, she states she â€Å"endowed [Caliban’s] purposes / With words that made them known† (1. 2. 360-1). However, by endowing Caliban with the language of the colonizer, Miranda has merely indoctrinated Caliban in the ideology of the colonizer in which Caliban, the colonized, occupies the margin. The colonizer’s language is a burden upon the colonized, for in order for the two groups to communicate the onus is on the colonized to learn the colonizer’s language. Caliban concurs with this onus when he says, â€Å"You taught me language, and my profit on’t / Is I know how to curse. The red plague rid you / For learning me your language! † (1. 2. 366-8). Another privileging in the imperial situation is the language and culture of the colonizer over the language and culture of colonized. For instance, Thomas Harriot spent time in the Virginia colony and wrote about the Algonquian people in Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia; his English contemporaries criticized him for learning the language of the Algonquians (Bertram 59). Bertram notes, â€Å"the English feared much more than foreign languages, as contact with foreign cultures inspired probing questions about cultural identity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (59). Miranda’s effacement of Caliban’s language demonstrates her fear of foreign language and culture. Just as Caliban threatens Miranda’s physical sanctity, he also threatens her cultural sanctity by not communicating in the controlled discourse. Clearly, the conflict between Caliban and Prospero in The Tempest metaphorically represents the imperialistic conflicts between the colonized and the colonizer. Lastly, although Caliban can metaphorically represent the colonized Other, did Shakespeare intend Caliban to represent Native Americans specifically? Alden T. Vaughan in his article â€Å"Shakespeare’s Indian: The Americanization of Caliban† examines the history of The Tempest analysis which attempted to see Caliban as representative of Native Americans. Vaughan concludes, â€Å"If an intentionalist reading is insisted upon, and if early interpretations of Caliban are taken into account, his principal prototype was probably the European wild man of Renaissance literature and iconography† (â€Å"Shakespeare’s,† 153). In addition, Ronald Takaki offers in â€Å"The ‘Tempest’ in the Wilderness† the context surrounding the first performance of the play; also, he explains how Shakespeare’s audience might have perceived the character of Caliban. Takaki explains the following: [T]he timing of The Tempest was crucial: it was first performed after the English invasion of Ireland but before the colonization of New England, after John Smith’s arrival in Virginia but before the beginning of the tobacco economy, and after the first contacts with Indians but before full-scale warfare against them. This was an era when the English were encountering â€Å"other† peoples and delineating the boundary between â€Å"civilization† and â€Å"savagery. † The social constructions of both these terms were dynamically developing in three sites—Ireland, Virginia, and New England. (143) If Shakespeare’s audience saw Caliban as more man than monster, they likely conflated all known savage Others in their perception of Caliban. When Prospero says, â€Å"This thing of darkness [Caliban] I / Acknowledge mine† (5. 1. 275-6), Caliban could seem more monster than man, â€Å"darkness† meaning evil, or Caliban could seem more man than monster, â€Å"darkness† referring to skin color. It is unclear what Shakespeare intended; however, how people interpret Shakespeare is entirely another matter. Although Vaughan dismisses the notion Shakespeare intended Caliban to be Native American, he supports the notion that Caliban can metaphorically be seen as Native American, stating, â€Å"metaphoric readings of The Tempest have had equal legitimacy with the older literal approach† (â€Å"Shakespeare’s,† 153). There are scholars who have a stake in seeing Caliban as solely meant to be Native Americans. An immediate thread of their inquiry is Caliban’s name, which might be an anagram from a variant spelling of the word canibal. John F. Moffitt and Santiago Sebastian in their text O Brave New People: The European Invention of The American Indian describe how the lurid European popular perception quickly associated cannibalism with the inhabitants of the New World. Moffit and Sebastian describe the following: Cannibalism was also the specific subcultural attribute of the aborigines of the Other World that, as might be expected, some European illustrators found most noteworthy. In a crude woodcut†¦, a German print of 1505†¦representing the earliest European depiction of American Indians†¦cannibalism becomes the foremost collective characteristic of the newly described peoples†¦. (264-5) While Europeans, according to Vaughan, were familiar with the concept of anthropophagi, or eaters of human flesh, such people were considered mythical (â€Å"People,† 15). Vaughan goes on to note, â€Å"So prominent did some accounts make the eating of human flesh that the word cannibal, from the Carib Indians who presumably practiced the vile custom, gradually replaced the older, more awkward, term for eaters of human flesh† (â€Å"People,† 15). Curiously, if Shakespeare meant to evoke the sensational trait of cannibalism ascribed to Native Americans by Europeans in his character Caliban, he does not develop the trait in the play. Conversely, if Caliban does not represent Native Americans, certainly the European characters within the play perceive his usefulness like Native Americans during the early 17th century. The play mentions dead or alive a Native American is profitable for displaying in England. Additionally, Trinculo notes, â€Å"[the English] will / lay out ten to see a dead Indian. (2. 2. 31-32). Later, Stephano schemes to capture Caliban, or as Vaughan euphemistically refers to Native Americans kidnapped by Europeans, â€Å"coerced American envoys† (â€Å"People,† 12). Stephano states, â€Å"If I can recover him [Caliban] and keep him tame and get / to Naples with him, he’s a present for any emperor that / ever trod on neat’s leather† (2. 2. 65-7). Although Caliban might have the same display value as a Native American in England, this fact does not necessarily make Caliban Native American. Within The Tempest, there is not enough strong evidence to support the reading that Shakespeare meant Caliban to be Native American. If Shakespeare intended Caliban to represent Native American then Leslie Fieldler notes, â€Å"Caliban’s attempt on Miranda’s virtue makes him ‘the first nonwhite rapist in white man’s literature’; his freedom song is ‘the first American poem’; and when he guzzles too much of Stephano’s wine, Caliban is ‘the first drunken Indian in Western literature’ (Vaughan, â€Å"Shakespeare’s,† 148). Native Americans struggle enough with poor representation in American society; there is not a pressing need to demonstrate Shakespeare intended Caliban to be solely Native American if it results in additional derision. In contrast, Jeffrey L. Hantman in â€Å"Caliban’s Own Voice: American Indian Views of the Other in Colonial Virginia† summarizes the 20th century importance of Caliban as a universal indigenous voice, â€Å"He is African, and he is Caribbean. He has been a native of Madagascar, Quebec, Cuba, Nigeria, Kenya, and Zambia. Today, he is sometime enslaved, and psychologically dependent, but he is also a guerilla, a revolutionary, and a hero† (71). Who Shakespeare intended Caliban to be is a non-issue for those who identify with Caliban. If people find an entryway into identifying with Caliban, then certainly Caliban becomes them as much as they become Caliban. Although it would be erroneous to claim Shakespeare meant The Tempest as an allegory for English Imperialism in the New World and Caliban solely represents Native Americans, the play does metaphorically represent English imperialism and encapsulates English sentiments towards the New World during the time of the play’s cultural production. A brief overview of England’s New World exploration and colonization demonstrates how the English perception of the New World and Native Americans transformed during the development of English imperialism. Within the play, Gonzalo’s interests in the island and his â€Å"plantation† scheme illustrate the English imperial yearning for the New World and an opportunity to develop a society closer to a natural state. Furthermore, the first exchange between Caliban and Prospero encapsulate the conflicts that mar imperial relationship between indigenous people and the colonizer. Moreover, although Caliban does not represent specifically Native Americans, he can broadly represent all subjugated indigenous people. There are many congruencies between events in The Tempest and events during the late 16th and 17th century English imperialism. The Tempest is an example where Shakespeare was not necessarily predicting a future outcome but more likely articulating the trajectory of a present English course. Works Cited Bertram, Benjamin. The Time is out of Joint: Skepticism in Shakespeare’s England. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 2004. De Montaigne, Michel. â€Å"From Of the Cannibals. † William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 119-20. Hakluyt, Richard. â€Å"Reasons for Colonization. † William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 125-34. Hantman, Jeffrey L. â€Å"Caliban’s Own Voice: American Indian Views of the Other in Colonial Virginia. † New Literary History 23. 1 (1992): 69-81. JSTOR. Winona State University, Darrell W. Krueger Lib., Winona, MN. 3 Mar. 2007 . Moffitt, John F. , and Santiago Sebastian. O Brave New People: The European Invention of the American Indian. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1996. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 10-88. Sokol, B. J. A Brave New World of Knowledge: Shakespeare’s the Tempest and Early Modern Epistemology. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 2003. Takaki, Ronald. â€Å"The ‘Tempest’ in the Wilderness. † William Shakespeare The Tempest: A Case Study in Critical Controversy. Ed. Gerald Graff and James Phelan. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 140-172. Vaughan, Alden T. â€Å"People of Wonder: England Encounters the New World’s Natives. † New World of Wonders: European Images of the Americas, 1492-1700. Ed. Rachel Doggett, et al. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992. -. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Indian: The Americanization of Caliban. † Shakespeare Quarterly 39. 2 (1988): 137-153. JSTOR. Winona State University, Darrell W. Krueger Lib. , Winona, MN. 3 Mar. 2007 . [1] Throughout the paper instead of simply using the term â€Å"natives,† I use indigenous people because the term â€Å"natives† carries negative imperialistic connotations. [2] I use the term New World provisionally in order to describe the dichotomy between Europe, the supposed Old World, and their realization of the Americas, which they dubbed the New World. [3] While some scholars have argued that Shakespeare intended Caliban to be representative of Native American, this intentionality is problematic. I will examine this later in the paper.

The Mammy :: essays research papers

The Mammy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Irish tale depicts the life of a woman named Agnes Browne. The cards have fallen more than once for her, but with the love of her 7 children and faith, Agnes never losses her strength. The author, Brendan O’Carroll, adds elements of humor, tragedy, and love to this novel, which makes it hard to stop reading. Follow me as I talk about The Mammy and how her culture plays a part in her everyday life in the late 1960’s, in Dublin, Ireland.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book begins with the death of Agnes Browne’s husband Nicholas Browne, whom gets hit by a car. Agnes is now a widow and single parent to 7 children (6 boys and 1 girl), whom all range in ages 14-3. All of her children attend strict Catholic schools. Although her oldest son wants to drop out of school to help his mother support the household, she wants him to stay and continue. Agnes does not want him to end up like his father was, an abusive drunk, who worked as a janitor for more than 15 years. Though Nicholas Browne beat Agnes, he was never to touch the children. She was very protective of her children and everyone in Dublin knew it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now Agnes has to raise the children with the money she gets from the social service office, her stall where she sales her fresh produce everyday, and her Catholic belief. Agnes has a best friend by the name of Marion Monks. The two are very close and do everything together. They go to the local pub all the time and gossip and drink alcohol. The pub they hang out in everyone knew one another and were all very friendly, the neighborhood is very tight. With her very busy life Agnes does find time to daydream about her favorite singer named Cliff Diamond. She loves to listen to his records and relax. Agnes daydreams of him all the time wishing she could have one dance with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then tragedy hits Agnes once again when Marion dies of cancer. She is saddened by the sudden death of her best friend, but she has such strong strength, she knows Marion is looking down on her. At the end of the book Agnes’ dream comes true when she is surprised with a visit from Cliff Diamond and looks up in the sky to thank her friend Marion for watching over her.

Deception Point Page 111

Rachel blushed, her skin tingling. â€Å"Thanks.† The agent led Rachel down the impeccably appointed hallway to a plain-looking doorway nearby. â€Å"The Lincoln Bedroom,† the agent said. â€Å"And as I am always supposed to say outside this door, ‘Sleep well, and beware of ghosts.'† Rachel nodded. The legends of ghosts in the Lincoln Bedroom were as old as the White House itself. It was said that Winston Churchill had seen Lincoln's ghost here, as had countless others, including Eleanor Roosevelt, Amy Carter, actor Richard Dreyfuss, and decades of maids and butlers. President Reagan's dog was said to bark outside this door for hours at a time. The thoughts of historical spirits suddenly made Rachel realize what a sacred place this room was. She felt suddenly embarrassed, standing there in her long football jersey, bare-legged, like some college coed sneaking into a boy's room. â€Å"Is this kosher?† she whispered to the agent. â€Å"I mean this is the Lincoln Bedroom.† The agent winked. â€Å"Our policy on this floor is ‘Don't ask, don't tell.'† Rachel smiled. â€Å"Thanks.† She reached for the door-knob, already feeling the anticipation of what lay beyond. â€Å"Rachel!† The nasal voice carried down the hallway like a buzz saw. Rachel and the agent turned. Corky Marlinson was hobbling toward them on crutches, his leg now professionally bandaged. â€Å"I couldn't sleep either!† Rachel slumped, sensing her romantic tryst about to disintegrate. Corky's eyes inspected the cute Secret Service agent. He flashed her a broad smile. â€Å"I love women in uniform.† The agent pulled aside her blazer to reveal a lethal-looking sidearm. Corky backed off. â€Å"Point taken.† He turned to Rachel. â€Å"Is Mike awake, too? You going in?† Corky looked eager to join the party. Rachel groaned. â€Å"Actually, Corky†¦ â€Å" â€Å"Dr. Marlinson,† the Secret Service agent intervened, pulling a note from her blazer. â€Å"According to this note, which was given to me by Mr. Tolland, I have explicit orders to escort you down to the kitchen, have our chef make you anything you want, and ask you to explain to me in vivid detail how you saved yourself from certain death by†¦ † the agent hesitated, grimacing as she read the note again. â€Å"†¦ by urinating on yourself?† Apparently, the agent had said the magic words. Corky dropped his crutches on the spot and put an arm around the woman's shoulders for support, and said, â€Å"To the kitchen, love!† As the indisposed agent helped Corky hobble off down the hall, Rachel had no doubt Corky Marlinson was in heaven. â€Å"The urine is the key,† she heard him saying, â€Å"because those damned telencephalon olfactory lobes can smell everything!† The Lincoln Bedroom was dark when Rachel entered. She was surprised to see the bed empty and untouched. Michael Tolland was nowhere to be seen. An antique oil lamp burned near the bed, and in the soft radiance, she could barely make out the Brussels carpet†¦ the famous carved rosewood bed†¦ the portrait of Lincoln's wife, Mary Todd†¦ even the desk where Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. As Rachel closed the door behind her, she felt a clammy draft on her bare legs. Where is he? Across the room, a window was open, the white organza curtains billowing. She walked over to close the window, and an eerie whisper murmured from the closet. â€Å"Maaaarrrrrrrry†¦ â€Å" Rachel wheeled. â€Å"Maaaaaarrrrrrrry?† the voice whispered again. â€Å"Is that you?†¦ Mary Todd Liiiiiincoln?† Rachel quickly closed the window and turned back toward the closet. Her heart was racing, although she knew it was foolish. â€Å"Mike, I know that's you.† â€Å"Noooooo†¦ † the voice continued. â€Å"I am not Mike†¦ I am†¦ Aaaaabe.† Rachel put her hands on her hips. â€Å"Oh, really? Honest Abe?† A muffled laugh. â€Å"Moderately honest Abe†¦ yes.† Rachel was laughing now too. â€Å"Be afraaaaaaid,† the voice from the closet moaned. â€Å"Be veeeeeery afraid.† â€Å"I'm not afraid.† â€Å"Please be afraid†¦ † the voice moaned. â€Å"In the human species, the emotions of fear and sexual arousal are closely linked.† Rachel burst out laughing. â€Å"Is this your idea of a turn-on?† â€Å"Forgiiiive me†¦ † the voice moaned. â€Å"It's been yeeeeeeears since I've been with a woman.† â€Å"Evidently,† Rachel said, yanking the door open. Michael Tolland stood before her with his roguish, lopsided grin. He looked irresistible wearing a pair of navy blue satin pajamas. Rachel did a double take when she saw the presidential seal emblazoned on his chest. â€Å"Presidential pajamas?† He shrugged. â€Å"They were in the drawer.† â€Å"And all I had was this football jersey?† â€Å"You should have chosen the Lincoln Bedroom.† â€Å"You should have offered!† â€Å"I heard the mattress was bad. Antique horsehair.† Tolland winked, motioning to a gift-wrapped package on a marble-topped table. â€Å"This'll make it up to you.† Rachel was touched. â€Å"For me?† â€Å"I had one of the presidential aides go out and find this for you. Just arrived. Don't shake it.† She carefully opened the package, extracting the heavy contents. Inside was a large crystal bowl in which were swimming two ugly orange goldfish. Rachel stared in confused disappointment. â€Å"You're joking, right?† â€Å"Helostoma temmincki,† Tolland said proudly. â€Å"You bought me fish?† â€Å"Rare Chinese kissing fish. Very romantic.† â€Å"Fish are not romantic, Mike.† â€Å"Tell that to these guys. They'll kiss for hours.† â€Å"Is this supposed to be another turn-on?† â€Å"I'm rusty on the romance. Can you grade me on effort?† â€Å"For future reference, Mike, fish are definitely not a turn-on. Try flowers.† Tolland pulled a bouquet of white lilies from behind his back. â€Å"I tried for red roses,† he said, â€Å"but I almost got shot sneaking into the Rose Garden.† As Tolland pulled Rachel's body against his and inhaled the soft fragrance of her hair, he felt years of quiet isolation dissolving inside him. He kissed her deeply, feeling her body rise against him. The white lilies fell to their feet, and barriers Tolland had never known he'd built were suddenly melting away. The ghosts are gone. He felt Rachel inching him toward the bed now, her whisper soft in his ear. â€Å"You don't really think fish are romantic, do you?† â€Å"I do,† he said, kissing her again. â€Å"You should see the jellyfish mating ritual. Incredibly erotic.† Rachel maneuvered him onto his back on the horsehair mattress, easing her slender body down on top of his. â€Å"And seahorses†¦,† Tolland said, breathless as he savored her touch through the thin satin of his pajamas. â€Å"Seahorses perform†¦ an unbelievably sensual dance of love.† â€Å"Enough fish talk,† she whispered, unbuttoning his pajamas. â€Å"What can you tell me about the mating rituals of advanced primates?† Tolland sighed. â€Å"I'm afraid I don't really do primates.† Rachel shed her football jersey. â€Å"Well, nature boy, I suggest you learn fast.† Epilogue The NASA transport jet banked high over the Atlantic. Onboard, Administrator Lawrence Ekstrom took a last look at the huge charred rock in the cargo hold. Back to the sea, he thought. Where they found you. On Ekstrom's command, the pilot opened the cargo doors and released the rock. They watched as the mammoth stone plummeted downward behind the plane, arcing across the sunlit ocean sky and disappearing beneath the waves in a pillar of silver spray.